Clara Bow

Clara Bow

in Rough House Rosie (1927)
Born Clara Gordon Bow
July 29, 1905(1905-07-29)
, U.S.
Died September 27, 1965(1965-09-27) (aged 60)
, U.S.
Spouse Rex Bell (m. 1931–1962) «start: (1931-12-03)–end+1: (1962-07-05)»"Marriage: Rex Bell to Clara Bow" Location: (linkback:http://localhost../../../../articles/c/l/a/Clara_Bow_982c.html)

Clara Gordon Bow (July 29, 1905[1] – September 27, 1965) was an American actress who rose to stardom in the silent film era of the 1920s.[2] Her acting artistry and high spirits made her the premier flapper and the film It (1927) made her world famous. Bow came to personify the "roaring twenties"[3] and is described as its leading sex symbol.[4]

Contents

Early life

Sarah Bow 1895

Bow was born in a tenement in Brooklyn, New York. She was the third child; the first two, also daughters, born in 1903 and 1904, died in infancy.[5] Her mother Sarah Bow (1880–1923) was told by a doctor not to become pregnant again, because this time she might die as well. Despite this, Bow was conceived in fall of 1904. According to Bow her mother became "almost mad with apprehension and fear."[6] The delivery proved to be as difficult as feared; "At first, they thought I was dead... I don't suppose two people ever looked death in the face more clearly than my mother and I the morning I was born. We were both given up, but somehow we struggled back to life."[6]

At sixteen, Sarah fell from a second-story window and suffered a severe head injury. Later she was diagnosed with "psychosis due to epilepsy",[7] which apart from the seizures can cause disordered thoughts, delusional ideas, paranoia and aggressive behavior.[8]

From her earliest years, Bow learned how to care for her mother during seizures and how to deal with psychotic and hostile episodes. She said her mother could be "mean" to her, but "didn't mean to...she couldn't help it".[6] Still, Bow felt deprived of her childhood, stating "As a kid I took care of my mother, she didn't take care of me".[9] Sarah worsened gradually, and when she realized her daughter was set for a movie career, she told her she "would be much better off dead". One night in February 1922, Bow awoke with a butcher knife against her throat; when her mother hesitated, Bow fended her off and locked her up. In the morning, Sarah had no recollection of the episode and was later committed to a charity hospital.[6]

Clara Bow circa 1917

Bow said that her father Robert (1874–1959) possessed a quick, keen mind and all the natural qualifications to make something of himself, but didn't. Robert seldom managed to hold on to a job and the family income varied drastically.[6] Between 1905 and 1923, the Bows lived at least 14 different addresses.[10] Aside from being a weak provider, Robert was often absent, leaving his family without means to survive.[11]

“ It was snowing. My mother and I were cold and hungry. We had been cold and hungry for days. We lay in each others arms and cried and tried to keep warm. It grew worse and worse. So that night my mother – but I can't tell you about it. Only when I remember it, it seems to me I can't live.[12] ”

Sarah died on January 5, 1923. When relatives gathered for the funeral, Bow accused them of not being supportive when it counted. She was so angry she even tried to jump after her mother down the grave.[6]

Bow never had a doll in her life, but treasured her roller skates.[13] As she grew up she felt shy among other girls who teased her for her worn-out clothes and "carrot-top" hair. But she had no use for their company, "sissy" attitudes or games. Instead, from first grade, she enjoyed the society of boys and their sports, stunts and fighting "I could lick any boy my size. My right arm was quite famous. My right arm was developed from pitching so much ... Once I hopped a ride on behind a big fire engine. I got a lot of credit from the gang for that".[6] Bow's athletic prowess also made her a track racing champion in high-school and her proposed arm strength, Louella Parsons examined; "...curiously enough, she have muscles on her arms that stand out like whip-cord".[14]

Fame and Fortune contest

Portrait 1921

In the early 1920s, roughly 50 million Americans, or half the population, attended the movies every week.[15] Bow added to the statistics with every cent she got. Budding womanhood had made her stature as a "boy" in her old gang "impossible", she didn't have any girlfriends, and school was a "heartache" and home "miserable". But on the silver screen, Bow found consolation; "For the first time in my life I knew there was beauty in the world. For the first time I saw distant lands, serene, lovely homes, romance, nobility, glamor". And Bow saw further than that; "I always had a queer feeling about actors and actresses on the screen...I knew I would have done it differently. I couldn't analyze it, but I could always feel it". At sixteen Bow "knew" she wanted to be a motion pictures actress, even if she was "a square, awkward, funny-faced kid."[6]

Contest form 1921

Every year Brewster publications Motion Picture Classic and Shadowland, held a nationwide acting contest, Fame and Fortune, and several of its former winners had found work in the pictures afterwards.[16] With her father's support but against her mother's wishes, she competed and won. In the final screen test Bow was up against an already scene-experienced woman, who went first and did "a beautiful piece of acting", but when Bow did the scene she actually became her character and "lived it".[17] In the January issues 1922 of Motion Picture Classics the jury concluded:

“ "She is very young, only 16. But she is full of confidence, determination and ambition. She is endowed with a mentality far beyond her years. She has a genuine spark of divine fire. The five different screen tests she had, showed this very plainly, her emotional range of expression provoking a fine enthusiasm from every contest judge who saw the tests. She screens perfectly. Her personal appearance is almost enough to carry her to success without the aid of the brains she indubitably possesses".[18] ”

Bow won an evening gown and a silver trophy and the publisher committed to help her "gain a role in films". But nothing happened. Bow's father told her to "haunt" Brewster's office (located in Brooklyn) until they came up with something. "To get rid of me, or maybe they really meant to (give me) all the time and were just busy", Bow was introduced to director Christy Cabanne who cast her in Beyond the Rainbow, produced late 1921 in New York City and released February 19, 1922.[19] Bow did five scenes, impressed Cabanne with true theatrical tears,[6] but was eventually cut from the print. Bow wasn't told, but found out when she saw the movie at a theater in Brooklyn. "I was sick to my stomach", she recalled and thought her mother was right about the movie business. Bow, who dropped out of school after she was notified about winning the contest, possibly in October 1921, got an ordinary office job.[20] However, movie ads and newspaper editorial comments from 1922–1923 suggest that Bow was not cut from Beyond the Rainbow. Her name is on the cast list among the other stars, usually tagged "Brewster magazine beauty contest winner" and sometimes even with a picture.[21]

The New York starlet

Down to the Sea in Ships

Tomboy Bow undercover in Down to the Sea in Ships (1923)
Early advert

Encouraged by her father, Bow started to run around studio agencies asking for parts. "But there was always something. I was too young, or too little, or too fat. Usually I was too fat."[6] Eventually director Elmer Clifton needed a tomboy for his movie Down to the Sea in Ships, saw Bow in Motion Picture Classic magazine and sent for her. In an attempt to overcome her youthful looks, Bow put her hair up and arrived in a dress she 'sneaked' from her mother. Clifton said she was too old, but broke into laughter as the stammering Bow made him believe she was the girl in the magazine. Clifton decided to bring Bow with him and offered her $50 a week, but added he couldn't say whether or not she would "fit the part".[22]

Late advert.

Down to the Sea in Ships was shot on location, New Bedford Massachusetts, produced by 'the whaling film corporation' and intended to document the life, love and work in a whale-hunter community. The production relied on a few unknown actors and local talents. Director Clifton needed twelve weeks to shoot it and several months to bring it together. At first it was advertised with full page action scenes, omitting the cast. In the end, when it had boiled down to its essence, there was Bow. Critics sang her praise.

WAMPAS Baby Star 1924

Bow was chosen the foremost "baby" by the WAMPAS [27]

Bow found herself walking time after time by a Broadway movie theater, starring at her name in shimmering electric light above the entrance. “I can never tell you what happiness I felt, life had been so terrible hard and it seemed to me that now all my troubles were to be in the past”.[22] By mid December 1923, primarily due to her merits in Down to the Sea in Ships, Bow was chosen the most successful of the 1924 WAMPAS Baby Stars.[28]

Grit

Three months before Down to the Sea in Ships was released, while her mother was dying at home, Bow danced half nude, on a table, unaccredited in Enemies of woman.[29] In spring she got a part in The Daring Years and in the summer, she got a "tomboy" part in Grit, a story, which dealt with juvenile crime and was written by F. Scott Fitzgerald. Bow met her first boyfriend, cameraman Arthur Jacobson, and she got to know director Frank Tuttle, with whom she worked in five later productions.

Young Bow in Grit

Tuttle remembered; "Her emotions were close to the surface..she was dynamite, full of nervous energy and vitality and pitifully eager to please everyone".[22] Grit was released in January 1924. Variety wrote; "..Clara Bow lingers in the eye, long after the picture has gone.."[30]

While shooting Grit at Pyramid Studios, in Astoria, New York, Bow was approached by Jack Bachman, associated producer at Preferred Pictures in Hollywood. He wanted to contract her for a three months trail, fare paid and $50 a week. "It can't do any harm", he said,[6] but Bow hesitated, as she enjoyed her life in New York. "Why can't I stay in New York and make movies?", she asked her father, but again he encouraged her to move ahead.[31]

On July 21, 1923 she befriended Louella Parsons, who interviewed her for The New York Morning Telegraph. In 1930/1931 when Bow came under tabloid scrutiny, Parsons defended her and stuck to her first opinion on Bow:[32]

“ She is as refreshingly unaffected as if she had never faced a means to pretend. She hasn't any secrets from the world, she trusts everyone... she is almost too good to be true...(I) only wish some reformer who believes the screen contaminates all who associate with it could meet this child. Still on second thought it might not be safe: Clara uses a dangerous pair of eyes. ”

The interview also revealed that Bow already was cast in Maytime and in great favor of the Chinese cuisine.[33]

Hollywood

Frame from newly (May 2010), on New Zealand rediscovered copy of Maytime. Bow comforting Ethel Shannon.

July 22, 1923, Bow left New York, her father and boyfriend behind.[34] As chaperon for the journey and stay in Hollywood, the studio appointed writer / agent Maxine Alton, who Bow later branded a liar.[6] In late July Bow entered studio chief B. P. Schulberg's office wearing a simple high-school uniform in which she "had won several gold medals on the cinder track".[35] She was tested and a press-release from early August says Bow had become a member of Preferred Picture's permanent stock.[36] She and Alton rented an apartment at Hillview near Hollywood Boulevard.[34] Preferred Pictures was run by Schulberg who started as a publicity manager at Famous Players Lasky, but in the aftermath of the power struggle around the formation of United Artists ended up on the losing side and lost his job. 1919, at age 27, he founded Preferred Pictures.[37]

Maytime

Bow's first Hollywood picture was an adaptation of the popular operetta Maytime. She essayed "Alice Tremaine", a second lead character who appears in the first half of the play. Before Maytime was finished Schulberg announced that Bow was given the lead in the studio's biggest seasonal assessment, Poisoned Paradise,[35] but first she was lent to First National Pictures to co-star in the adaptation of Gertrude Atherton's 1923 bestseller Black Oxen, shot in October, and to co-star with Colleen Moore in Painted People, shot in November.[38]

Black Oxen

Bow as Janet Oglethorpe, the "horrid" flapper in Black Oxen, holding Flaming Youth to her chest. With Kate Lester and Tom Ricketts

Director Frank Lloyd was casting for the part of high society flapper "Janet Oglethorpe". More than fifty women, most with previous screen experience, auditioned.[39] Bow reminisced, "He had not found exactly what he wanted and finally somebody suggested me to him. When I came into his office a big smile came over his face and he looked just tickled to death".[6] Lloyd told the press, "Bow is the personification of the ideal aristocratic flapper, mischievous, pretty, aggressive, quick-tempered and deeply sentimental"[40] Black Oxen was released December 29 and critics agreed it was a good adaptation of the book. Corinne Griffith and Conway Tearle top starred, but Bow gave them a close race for the approval of the audience.[41]

Painted People

Colleen Moore made her flapper debut in a successful adaptation of the daring novel Flaming Youth, released November 12, 1923, six weeks before Black Oxen. Both films were produced by First National Pictures, and while Black Oxen still was edited and Flaming Youth not yet released, Bow was requested to co-star Moore as her kid sister in Painted People.[44]

As the portrayed family was poor and Moore essayed the Baseball-playing tomboy, Bow told her they should switch parts.[44] Moore, a well-established star earning $1200 a week–Bow got $200–took offense and blocked the director from doing a close-up on Bow. Moore was married to a studio executive and Bow's protests fell short. "I’ll get that b***h", she told her boyfriend Jacobson, who had arrived from New York. Bow had sinus problems and decided to have them attended to immediately. A bandaged Bow left the studio with no options but to recast her part.[45]

The Perfect Flapper

Robert and Clara Bow 1931

During 1924 Bow's "horrid" flapper raced against Moore's "whimsical".[46] In May Moore renewed her efforts in The Perfect Flapper, produced by her husband, but despite good reviews she suddenly withdrew. "No more flappers...they have served their purpose...people are tired of soda-pop love affairs", she told the Los Angeles Times,[46] that commented a month earlier, "Clara Bow is the one outstanding type. She has almost immediately been elected for all the recent flapper parts"[47] In November 1933, Bow described the Hollywood years as a French Revolution picture, where "women are hollering and waving pitchforks twice as violently as any of the guys...the only ladies in sight are the ones getting their heads cut off".[48]

"If that's what my baby wants, that's what my baby does"[49]

By New Year 1924 Bow defies the possessive Maxine Alton and brings her father to Hollywood. Bow remembered their reunion; “I didn't care a rap, for (Maxine Alton), or B. P. Schulberg, or my motion picture career, or Clara Bow, I just threw myself into his arms and kissed and kissed him, and we both cried like a couple of fool kids. Oh, it was wonderful”.[6] Bow felt Alton had misused her trust; “She wanted to keep a hold on me so she made me think I wasn't getting over and that nothing but her clever management kept me going”.[6] Bow and her father moved in at 1714 North Kingsley Drive in Beverly Hills, together with Jacobsson, whom by then, also worked for “Preferred”. When Schulberg learned of this arrangement, he fired Jacobsson for potentially getting “his big star” into a scandal. When Bow found out, “She tore up her contract and threw it in his face and told him he couldn’t run her private life”. Jacobsson concluded, “(Clara) was the sweetest girl in the world, but you didn’t cross her and you didn’t do her wrong[50] In September 7th, 1924, The Los Angeles Times, in significant article “A dangerous little devil is Clara, impish, appealing, but oh, how she can act!”, her father is titled “Business manager” and Jacobsson referred to as her brother.[51]

1925

In 1925, Schulberg cast Bow in The Plastic Age. The movie was a huge hit. She also began to date her co-star Gilbert Roland, who would become the first of many fiancees. Bow followed her first big success with Mantrap (1926), directed by Victor Fleming. Though he was twice her age, Bow quickly fell in love with her director. She began seeing both Roland and Fleming at the same time.

The It Girl

Publicity photo, circa 1924

In 1927, Bow reached the heights of her popularity with the film It; the film was based on a story written by Elinor Glyn, and upon the film's release, Bow became known as "The It Girl". In Glyn's story, It, a character explains what "It" really is: "It...that strange magnetism which attracts both sexes... [e]ntirely unself-conscious...full of self-confidence... [i]ndifferent to the effect... [s]he is producing and uninfluenced by others."

Many Hollywood insiders considered her socially undesirable. Bow was not liked by other women in Hollywood, and her presence at social functions was taboo, including her own premieres. Bow's bohemian lifestyle, thick Brooklyn accent and "dreadful" manners were considered reminders of the Hollywood Elite's uneasy position in high society, and they shunned her for it.[52] Budd Schulberg, wrote in his memoir, Moving Pictures, "Hollywood was a cultural schizophrene: The anti-movie Old Guard with their chamber music and their religious pageants fighting a losing battle against the more dynamic culture of the Ad Schulbergs who flaunted the bohemianism of Edna St. Vincent Millay and the socialism of Upton Sinclair. But there was one subject on which the staid old Hollywood establishment and the members of the new culture circle would agree: Clara Bow, no matter how great her popularity, was a low life and a disgrace to the community."[53]

However, Bow was praised by critics for her beauty, vitality and enthusiasm — Adolph Zukor, head of Paramount, said that "She danced even when her feet weren't moving. Some part of her was always in motion, if only her great, rolling eyes. It was an elemental magnetism, an animal vitality, that made her the center of attraction in any company."[54]

Wings (1927)

In 1927, Bow starred in Wings, a war picture largely rewritten to accommodate her, as she was Paramount's biggest star at the time. The film went on to win the first Academy Award for Best Picture. In 1928, Bow wrote the foreword for a novelization of her film The Fleet's In. Between 1927 and 1930, Bow was one of Hollywood's top five box office attractions.[55]

Bow's career continued into the early sound film era. Legend contends that her first talkie, The Wild Party, directed by Dorothy Arzner, was a disaster, but audiences crammed into theatres to see it, and the reviews, though they gave the film itself poor marks, commented that her voice suited her screen image well.[56] However, Bow began experiencing microphone fright on the sets of her sound films. A visibly nervous Bow had to do a number of retakes in The Wild Party because her eyes kept wandering up to the microphone overhead; Arzner took credit for being the first director to hang the microphone from overhead.[57] However, her performances in her sound films improved rapidly, and she continued to be a box office success.

While MGM had given their biggest star, Greta Garbo, two years to prepare for her first sound film, Paramount gave Bow two weeks. Paramount began canceling her films, docking her pay, charging her for unreturned costumes, and insisting that she pay for her publicity photographs. As she slipped closer and closer to a major breakdown, her manager B.P. Schulberg began referring to her as "Crisis-A-Day-Clara".[58]

The pressures of fame, public scandals, overwork and a damaging court trial involving former assistant Daisy DeVoe took their toll on Bow's already fragile emotional health. She ended up in a sanatorium in April 1931 with a case of shattered nerves. Paramount released her from her contract a short while later. Following a brief period away from Hollywood to recover, Bow signed a two-picture deal with Fox Film Corporation and returned to the screen in the early talkie Call Her Savage (1932). Although the film was a success, Bow opted for marriage and motherhood, and ended her film career after the release of Hoop-La the following year.

Later life

Bow and cowboy actor Rex Bell (actually George F. Beldam), later a Lieutenant Governor of Nevada, married in 1932 and had two sons, Tony Beldam (born 1934, changed name to Rex Anthony Bell, Jr.) and George Beldam, Jr. (born 1938). Bow retired from acting in 1933. Her last public exposure, albeit fleeting, was a guest appearance on the radio show Truth or Consequences in 1947; Bow provided the voice of "Mrs. Hush".

Clara Bow's crypt at Forest Lawn Glendale

In 1944, while Bell was running for the U.S. House of Representatives, Bow tried to commit suicide.[59] In 1949 she checked into The Institute of Living to be treated for her chronic insomnia. Shock treatment was tried and numerous psychological tests performed. Bow's IQ was measured "bright normal" (pp. 111–119), while others claimed she was unable to reason, had poor judgment and displayed inappropriate or even bizarre behavior. Bow was diagnosed with schizophrenia, despite experiencing no hallucinations or psychosis. Her insomnia was a result of childhood trauma, the analysts said, but Bow rejected psychological explanations for both her sleep disorder and her physical pains.[60][61]

Bow spent her last years in a modest house in Los Angeles under the constant care of a nurse, living off an estate worth about $500,000 at the time of her death.[60] She died on September 27, 1965, aged 60, of a heart attack while watching a Gary Cooper movie. The autopsy revealed that Bow suffered from atherosclerosis (death certificate), a heart disease established in early adolescence.[62] Bow's heart bore scars from an earlier undiagnosed heart attack.[63] She was interred in the Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery in Glendale, California.

Honors

For her contributions to the motion picture industry, Bow was given a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. In 1994, she was honored with an image on a United States postage stamp designed by caricaturist Al Hirschfeld.

Urban myths

The book Hollywood Babylon spread the contemporary legend that Bow's friendship with members of the 1927 University of Southern California football team included group sex with the entire team. This was finally proved incorrect by her biographer, David Stenn, who interviewed still-living members of that year's team while researching his book.[57]

During her lifetime, Bow was the subject of wild rumors regarding her sex life; most of them were untrue. A tabloid called The Coast Reporter published lurid allegations about her in 1931, accusing her of exhibitionism, incest, lesbianism, bestiality, drug addiction, alcoholism, and having contracted venereal disease. The publisher of the tabloid then tried to blackmail Bow, offering to cease printing the stories for $25,000, which led to his arrest by federal agents, and later an eight-year prison sentence.[64]

In popular culture

Clara Bow, publicity shot, 1930

Filmography

Film
Year Title Role Notes
1922 Beyond the Rainbow Virginia Gardener
1922 Down to the Sea in Ships Dot Morgan
1923 Enemies of Women Girl dancing on table
1923 Daring Years, TheThe Daring Years Mary
1923 Maytime Alice Tremaine
1923 Black Oxen Janet Ogelthorpe
1924 Grit Orchid McGonigle
1924 Poisoned Paradise Margot LeBlanc
1924 Daughters of Pleasure Lila Millas Alternative title: Beggar on Horseback
1924 Wine Angela Warriner
1924 Empty Hearts Rosalie
1924 Helen's Babies Alice Mayton
1924 This Woman Aline Sturdevant
1924 Black Lightning Martha Larned
1925 Capital Punishment Delia Tate
1925 Adventurous Sex, TheThe Adventurous Sex The Girl
1925 Eve's Lover Rena D'Arcy
1925 Lawful Cheater, TheThe Lawful Cheater Molly Burns
1925 Scarlet West, TheThe Scarlet West Miriam
1925 My Lady's Lips Lola Lombard
1925 Parisian Love Marie
1925 Kiss Me Again Grizette
1925 Keeper of the Bees, TheThe Keeper of the Bees Lolly Cameron
1925 Primrose Path, TheThe Primrose Path Marilyn Merrill
1925 Free to Love Marie Anthony
1925 Best Bad Man, TheThe Best Bad Man Peggy Swain
1925 Plastic Age, TheThe Plastic Age Cynthia Day
1925 Ancient Mariner, TheThe Ancient Mariner Doris
1925 My Lady of Whims Prudence Severn
1926 Dance Madness
1926 Shadow of the Law Mary Brophy
1926 Two Can Play Dorothy Hammis
1926 Dancing Mothers Kittens Westcourt
1926 Fascinating Youth Clara Bow
1926 Runaway, TheThe Runaway Cynthia Meade
1926 Mantrap Alverna
1926 Kid Boots Clara McCoy
1927 It Betty Lou Spence
1927 Children of Divorce Kitty Flanders
1927 Rough House Rosie Rosie O'Reilly
1927 Wings Mary Preston
1927 Hula Hula Calhoun
1927 Get Your Man Nancy Worthington
1928 Red Hair Bubbles McCoy
1928 Ladies of the Mob Yvonne
1928 Fleet's In, TheThe Fleet's In Trixie Deane
1928 Three Weekends Gladys O'Brien
1929 Wild Party, TheThe Wild Party Stella Ames
1929 Dangerous Curves Pat Delaney
1929 Saturday Night Kid, TheThe Saturday Night Kid Mayme Alternative title: Love 'Em and Leave 'Em
1930 True to the Navy Ruby Nolan
1930 Love Among the Millionaires Pepper Whipple
1930 Her Wedding Night Norma Martin
1931 No Limit Helen "Bunny" O'Day
1931 Kick In Molly Hewes
1932 Call Her Savage Nasa Springer
1933 Hoop-La Lou
1949 Screen Snapshots 1860: Howdy, Podner Clara Bow – Resort Guest Short subject

References

Notes

  1. ↑ In US census records, enumerated in 1910-04-15 and 1920-01-07, Bows age is stated four resp. fourteen.
  2. ↑ Obituary Variety, September 29, 1965.
  3. ↑ Morella, Joseph; Edward Epstein (1976). The "It" Girl. Delacorte Press. p. 283. 
  4. ↑ Drowne, Kathleen Morgan; Patrick Huber (2004). The 1920's. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 237. ISBN 0313320136. 
  5. ↑ Stenn, David (1988). Clara Bow: Runnin' Wild. Doubleday. p. 8. ISBN 0385241259. 
  6. ↑ 6.00 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 6.08 6.09 6.10 6.11 6.12 6.13 6.14 "My life, by Clara Bow". Told to and edited by Adela Rogers St. Johns. Published by Photoplay Magazine in February, March and April 1928.
  7. ↑ Stenn, David (1988). Clara Bow:Runnin' wild. Doubleday. p. 26. ISBN 0385241259. 
  8. ↑ "NYU Langone Medical Center website (psychosis and epilepsy)". Med.nyu.edu. http://www.med.nyu.edu/cec/living/disorders/psychosis.html. Retrieved 2010-08-19. 
  9. ↑ Morella, Joseph; Edward Epstein (1976). The "It" Girl. Delacorte Press. p. 24. 
  10. ↑ Stenn, David (1988). Clara Bow: Runnin' Wild. Doubleday. p. 322. ISBN 0385241259. 
  11. ↑ Morella, Joseph; Edward Epstein (1976). The "It" Girl. Delacorte Press. p. 17. 
  12. ↑ St. Johns, Adela Rogers (December 1930). "The Salvation of Clara Bow". The New Movie Magazine: 40. 
  13. ↑ Morella, Joseph; Edward Epstein (1976). The "It" Girl. Delacorte Press. p. 19. 
  14. ↑ "Real life story of Clara Bow", in sixteen parts, by Louella O Parsons, published by San Antonio light, May 15th – June 4th, 1931
  15. ↑ "Daily life in the US, 1920–1939", David E. Kyvig, p. 79, 2002, The Greenwood Press Daily Life Through History Series
  16. ↑ Fort Wayne News April 29, 1921
  17. ↑ Statement made by set member, "Real life story of Clara Bow" by Louella Parsons, The San Antonio Light, May 21, 1931
  18. ↑ Motion Picture Magazine, Jan 1922; jury; Howard Chandler Christy, movie critic, Neysa Mcmein, illustrator, Harrison Fischer, artist, painter, stage & movie critic
  19. ↑ Clara Bow Runnin' Wild, p. 287, Stenn, David, 1988 Penguin Books, a Division of Viking Penguin, New York,
  20. ↑ The It Girl by Joe Morella and Edward Z Epstein, p. 39, 1976, Dell Publishing Co., Inc, ISBN 0-440-14068-4
  21. ↑ see Beyond the Rainbow for an example.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 "Real life story of Clara Bow", in sixteen parts, by Louella Parsons, published by San Antonio light, May 15 – June 4, 1931
  23. ↑ The Ogden Standard Examiner December 17th 1922 (Pre-release)
  24. ↑ Pennsylvania Daily News September 4th 1923.
  25. ↑ the Kokomo Daily Tribune, October 6th 1923
  26. ↑ the Davenport democrat and leader November 28th 1923
  27. ↑ PhotoPlay Magazine September 1929 p.64
  28. ↑ Los Angeles times, December 17th 1923
  29. ↑ The It Girl by Joe Morella and Edward Z Epstein, p. 45, 1976, Dell Publishing Co., Inc, ISBN 0-440-14068-4
  30. ↑ Variety February 29th 1924
  31. ↑ The It Girl by Joe Morella and Edward Z Epstein, p. 47, 1976, Dell Publishing Co., Inc, ISBN 0-440-14068-4
  32. ↑ ”Real life story of Clara Bow”, in sixteen parts, by Louella Parsons, published by San Antonio light, May 15 – June 4, 1931
  33. ↑ New York Morning Telegraph, July 22nd 1923
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 ”Real life story of Clara Bow”, 16 parts, by Louella Parsons, published by San Antonio light, May 15 – June 4, 1931
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 The Davenport Democrat & Leader, September 9th 1923
  36. ↑ Morning Avalanche, August 5th 1923
  37. ↑ Moving Pictures, Budd Schulberg, p.100, 1981, Allison & Busby, London UK, ISBN 0-74900-127-5
  38. ↑ Clara Bow "Runnin" Wild, Stenn, David, p.39, p.289, 1988 Penguin Books, a Division of Viking Penguin, New York,
  39. ↑ "Real life story of Clara Bow", 16 parts, by Louella Parsons, published by San Antonio light, May 15 – June 4, 1931
  40. ↑ Hamilton Evening Journal, March 4th 1924
  41. ↑ Appleton Post-Crescent, Jan 23rd 1924
  42. ↑ Variety, Jan 10th 1924
  43. ↑ Manitowoc Herald News, February 11th 1924
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 Morella, Joseph; Edward Epstein (1976). The "It" Girl. Delacorte Press. p. 59. 
  45. ↑ Arthur Jacobson, told to I.K. Atkins, P.17, 1991, Directors Guild of America, Scarecrow Press Inc. NJ USA
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 Los Angeles Times, May 18th 1924
  47. ↑ Los Angeles Times, April 13th 1924
  48. ↑ Kansas City Star, November 16th 1933
  49. ↑ Robert Bow to Arthur Jacobson, told to I.K. Atkins, P.18, 1991, The Directors Guild of America, The Scarecrow Press Inc. NJ USA
  50. ↑ Arthur Jacobson, told to I.K. Atkins, P.15-18, 1991, The Directors Guild of America, The Scarecrow Press Inc. NJ USA
  51. ↑ Los Angeles Times, September 7th 1924
  52. ↑ Stenn, David, Clara Bow Runnin' Wild, pp. 116–117, 1988, Penguin Books, a division of Penuguin Viking, New York, New York, originally published by Doubleday, New York, New York
  53. ↑ Schulberg, Budd, Moving Pictures: Memories of a Hollywood Prince, September 25, 2003, Ivan R. Dee, Publisher
  54. ↑ Stenn, David, Clara Bow Runnin' Wild, p. 70, 1988, Penguin Books, a division of Penuguin Viking, New York, originally published by Doubleday New York
  55. ↑ ""The Girl Who Had IT", Time". Time.com. 1965-10-08. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,842186,00.html. Retrieved 2010-08-19. 
  56. ↑ Stenn, David, Clara Bow Runnin' Wild, pp. 157–162, 1998 Penguin Books, a Division of Penguin Viking New York, originally published by Doubleday, New York
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